思维导图联合案例教学法在手术室新职工带教中的应用

目的 探讨思维导图联合案例教学法在手术室新职工带教中的应用效果,为提升新护士手术配合能力提供参考。方法 将2019年8月-12月手术室新入职的护士设为对照组(n=38),将2020年8月-12月手术室新入职护士为观察组(n=31)。对照组采用传统教学模式,观察组采用思维导图联合案例教学法教学模式。比较2组理论及操作考核成绩、自我导向学习能力及临床思维能力。结果 干预后观察组操作考核得分高于对照组(t=-2.688,P=0.009),自我导向学习能力量表的学习评价维度评分高于对照组(t=-2.056,P=0.044);评判性思维、系统思维的得分及临床思维能力总分均高于对照组(t=-2.090,P=0.040;t=-2.011,P=0.048;t=-2.170,P=0.034 )。结论 思维导图联合案例教学法可提高手术室新入职护士的实践操作能力和临床思维能力,具有推广应用的价值。     

The effects of predictability on inter-limb postural synchronization prior to bouts of postural instability

Anticipatory balance control optimizes balance reactions to postural perturbations. Predictive control is dependent on the ability of the central nervous system to modulate gain in accordance with specific task demands. Inter-limb synchronization is a sensitive measure of individual limb contributions to balance control and may reflect the coordination of gain modulation in preparation for instability. The purpose of the study was to determine whether gain modulation in advance of predictable bouts of instability was reflected in the extent of inter-limb synchronization. Two adjacent force plates were used to collect center of pressure (COP) data from 12 healthy young adults (27.5 ± 3.4 years). Participants prepared for internal and external balance perturbations using a cueing paradigm with three auditory warning tones followed by an imperative tone. Perturbations were delivered in blocked and randomized conditions with two perturbation magnitudes (small and large). Inter-limb synchrony was calculated using the cross-correlation function of the COP excursions from the left and right foot for three seconds prior to perturbation onset in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) direction. Inter-limb synchrony decreased in the AP and ML directions as perturbation magnitude became more unpredictable. The need to take a step or not knowing whether a step was required prior to postural instability reduced ML inter-limb synchrony. No differences were found between internal and external perturbations. Modulation of postural set was evident in the extent of inter-limb synchrony.     

宽切缘肝切除术改善自发破裂性肝细胞癌的预后

目的 探讨手术切缘对肝切除术治疗自发破裂性肝细胞癌（spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma,SRHCC）患者预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属闵行医院/上海市闵行区中心医院2012年1月至2017年12月收治的30例SRHCC患者的临床资料,比较切缘范围＞1 cm（宽切缘组,19例）和≤1 cm（窄切缘组,11例）两组患者的临床病理学特征,采用Kaplan-Meier分析比较两组的无复发生存期和总生存期,采用Cox回归分析生存相关风险因素。结果 宽切缘组比窄切缘组3年无复发生存率（13.2% vs 0,P=0.036）和3 年总生存率（17.5% vs 0,P=0.002）高;多因素分析显示血清碱性磷酸酶高值（HR=1.013,P=0.008）、肿瘤分级低分化（HR=3.326,P=0.007）和手术切缘≤1 cm（HR=3.287,P=0.011）为SRHCC患者无复发生存期相关独立危险因素;血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶高值（HR=1.002,P =0.041）、肿瘤分级低分化（HR=4.411,P=0.005）、肝外转移（HR=3.445,P=0.044）、手术切缘≤1 cm（HR=3.255,P=0.024）是SRHCC患者总生存期相关独立危险因素。结论 采取宽切缘肝切除术能够改善SRHCC患者的临床预后。     

彩色多普勒超声对胆囊疾病的诊断价值

目的 :评价彩色多普勒超声对胆囊疾病的诊断价值。方法 :12 2例胆囊病变 ,其中原发性胆囊癌 5 9例 ,胆囊息肉 4 0例 ,腺瘤 7例 ,腺肌增生 2例 ,胆泥沉积 4例 ,慢性胆囊炎伴胆囊结石 10例。观察病灶内血供 ,测定 Vmax、RI,并与 4 8例健康者对照。结果 :胆囊癌内血流分布以分枝状或杂乱型为主 ,Vmax (43.3± 18.3) cm/ s明显高于其他各组 (P<0 .0 1) ;胆囊息肉和腺瘤内血流分布以点状或线状为主 ,RI为 0 .5± 0 .0 8,明显低于其他各组 (P<0 .0 1) ;胆囊腺肌增生和胆泥沉积区内无血供 ;慢性胆囊炎内 Vmax、 RI与健康对照组间无显著性差异。如以病灶内血流速度大于 30 cm/ s作为诊断胆囊癌的指标 ,其敏感性和特异性分别为 85 .2 %、 92 .9%。结论 :彩色多普勒超声对不同胆囊疾病具有鉴别诊断价值。     

抗菌药物临床应用管理架构、技术支持体系与策略

抗菌药物管理是一个世界性难题,本文对抗菌药物管理的各个方面,包括其定义、目标、组织架构、技术支持体系、管理策略等进行详细阐述,同时就我国目前抗菌药物管理工作存在的问题进行剖析.我国应学习和借鉴国际经验,结合自身情况的复杂性进行实践、研究和创新.     

In-shoe plantar pressure distribution and lower extremity muscle activity patterns of backward compared to forward running on a treadmill

ObjectiveBackward locomotion in humans occurs during leisure, rehabilitation, and competitive sports. Little is known about its general biomechanical characteristics and how it affects lower extremity loading as well as muscle coordination. Thus, the purpose of this research was to analyze in-shoe plantar pressure patterns and lower extremity muscle activity patterns for backward compared to forward running.MethodsOn a treadmill, nineteen runners performed forward running at their individually preferred speed, followed by backward running at 70% of their self-selected forward speed. In-shoe plantar pressures of nine foot regions and muscular activity of nine lower extremity muscles were recorded simultaneously over a one-minute interval. Backward and forward running variables were averaged over the accumulated steps and compared with Wilcoxon-signed rank tests (p < .05).ResultsFor backward compared to forward running, in-shoe plantar pressure distribution showed a load increase under metatarsal heads I and II, as well as under the medial midfoot. This was indicated by higher maximum forces and peak pressures, and by longer contact times. Muscle activity showed significantly higher mean amplitudes during backward running in the semitendinosus, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and gluteus medius during stance, and in the rectus femoris during swing phase, while significantly lower mean amplitudes were observed in the tibialis anterior during swing phase.ConclusionObservations indicate plantar foot loading and muscle activity characteristics that are specific for the running direction. Thus, backward running may be used on purpose for certain rehabilitation tasks, aiming to strengthen respective lower extremity muscles. Furthermore, the findings are relevant for sport specific backward locomotion training. Finally, results provide an initial baseline for innovative athletic footwear development aiming to increase comfort and performance during backward running.     

心脏再同步化治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效评价及无效原因分析

目的 评价心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)对慢性心力衰竭患者的临床和超声心动图疗效,总结CRT无效的原因.方法 研究施行CRT的患者53例,男37例,女16例,年龄41～82岁.患者术前均采用血流多普勒和组织多普勒的方法进行收缩不同步的评价,术前和术后6个月进行美国纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级评价、心电图和超声心动图检查.临床有效者定义为术后6个月NYHA心功能分级改善1级以上的患者.超声心动图有效者定义为术后6个月左室收缩末容积缩小＞15%或左室射血分数绝对值增加＞5%的患者.结果 CRT术后6个月时,7例患者死亡,46例患者存活.其中NYHA心功能分级至少改善1级者40例,临床有效率为75.5%;超声心动图有效者37例(69.8%).术后6个月:左心室缩小;左室射血分数由(27.4±6.7)%增加到(40.4±10.0)%,P＜0.01;左心房内径缩小;二尖瓣反流减少;肺动脉收缩压由(49.6±13.6)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)降低为(38.7±14.5)mm Hg.窦性心律组(42例)的超声有效率显著高于心房颤动组(11例).在窦性心律患者中,与CRT无效组(10例)相比,有效组(32例)起搏前的QRS较宽(P＜0.05),肺动脉收缩压较低(P＜0.05),左室射血前时间较长(P＜0.05);起搏前两组间腔室大小、LVEF、二尖瓣反流面积和组织多普勒的各个收缩不同步参数的差异无统计学意义.结论 CRT能改善心力衰竭患者的左室收缩功能和左室重构,减少二尖瓣反流,降低肺动脉收缩压.窦性心律组的CRT疗效优于心房颤动组.在非缺血性心肌病和左束支传导阻滞患者占多数的研究中,QRS宽度、左室射血前时间和肺动脉收缩压可能预测CRT的疗效.     

动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄外科治疗方法的选择及疗效评估

目的探讨动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄外科治疗方法的选择和疗效。方法回顾性分析1998年1月—2013年6月收治的80例经外科治疗的动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的临床资料。结果本组男58例,女22例,年龄59~83岁。80例均有高血压、肾功能不全,经计算机断层X线血管造影、磁共振血管造影或数字减影血管造影确诊。全组共接受外科治疗83例次,其中支架成形73例次,球囊扩张6例次,腹主动脉肾动脉旁路3例次,肾动脉内膜切除1例次。80例均无围手术期死亡。随访67例,随访时间6~141个月,有3例发生远期死亡。随访患者血压为(140.3±14.4)/(78.1±8.3)mmHg,肌酐(130.7±65.2)μmol/L,与术前血压(152.5±18.3)/(83.1±9.3)mmHg与肌酐(145.8±90.3)μmol/L比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。本组降压治疗有效率59.4%(38/64)。结论动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄通过外科治疗可有效改善血压和稳定肾功能,治疗方法首选腔内支架成形术。部分患者术后血压控制不佳主要原因可能是原发性高血压合并肾动脉狭窄。     

肿瘤患者PICC自我管理能力及影响因素调查

目的了解肿瘤患者PICC自我管理现状,分析其影响因素。方法应用肿瘤患者PICC自我管理能力调查问卷,对上海市2所三级甲等医院的209名PICC置管肿瘤患者进行调查。结果患者自我管理能力总分为(151.37±18.55)分,62.2%处于较好水平。自我效能、社会支持及居住地是患者自我管理能力的影响因素,可解释自我管理能力总变异量32.8%。结论肿瘤患者PICC自我管理能力较好,但在导管日常观察、信息获取方面有待提高。护理人员应重视患者的自我效能、社会支持,对来自农村的患者给予更多关注和指导,提高其PICC自我管理能力。     

带气囊导管构建脊髓缺血模拟再灌注与缺血分离模型

背景:采用带有气囊的导管急性压迫脊髓缺血模拟人类损伤可以造成再灌注与缺血分离的动物模型。目的:应用免疫组化和生物化学分析方法观察不同缺血时间窗处理对损伤脊髓的影响。方法:SD大鼠36只,随机分为假手术组,带气囊导管造成大鼠脊髓缺血10,30,45,60,90min组。结果与结论:再灌注48h后,随着缺血时间的延长,脊髓前角神经元坏死和凋亡逐渐加重,丙二醛水平逐渐增加,超氧化物歧化酶活性逐渐下降,大鼠的神经行为学病症加重。提示用带气囊的导管建立缺血再灌注大鼠模型成功,再灌注后大鼠脊髓的损伤随缺血时间的延长而加重。